Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (2025)

Introduction to Pharmacology

The topic of pharmacology usually escapes the attention of many college students by virtue of the fact that pharmacology itself is rarely taught on the undergraduate level. It generally is reserved for postbaccalaureate students who are enrolled in health curricula associated with medicine, dentistry, nursing, and the veterinary sciences; however, certain upper level undergraduates are interested in the subject. This book is the product of teaching undergraduates the principles of pharmacology over the last 20 years. During that period the author continually searched for an appropriate textbook for students who normally had some background in biochemistry and physiology. Medical school texts were of no use since their coverage is far too extensive. Alternatively, “softer” texts tended to overemphasize certain areas, such as drug abuse, which were often the driving force behind their creation. Although both types of texts were good in their own right, they missed the mark. Students frequently expressed a desire for more “hard” science that would not inundate them with boiler plate text. It is because I agree with this sentiment that this book was created. The goal of this book is not to be a mini-medical school pharmacology text. Rather, it is intended to address a wider audience of advanced undergraduate students who have an interest in learning about the diverse aspects of pharmacology in society—not simply about the curative aspects of drugs. It is hoped that not only students in the biological sciences but also those in the social sciences will find some, if not all, of the book’s contents informative and useful.

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1. Progress in Therapeutics 03

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LECTURE NOTES For Health Science Students Pharmacology

Encyclopedia of Pharmacology Research booksmedicos

GOOD

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Methods in clinical pharmacology - a tale of two worlds

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2008

Video Clip S1. A Career in Pharmacology. The video clip is in Quicktime. Video Clip S2. Pharmacology at the National Institute of Medical Research 1948. The video clip is in Quicktime. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell are not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

PG Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacology

2016

1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Phosphomolybdenum Method assay, and Thiobarbituric Acid Method assay are in-vitro assay, employed to determine the antioxidant potency of test compound 1, 2, 3 and 4 [Asn-Ser. (NS), Arg-Ser. (RS), Pro-Lys-Gly. (PKG) and Pro-Lys-Ser. (PKS)] using ascorbic acid as the standard drug. The percentage scavenging and total antioxidant capacity of different concentrations of the test drugs were determined and IC 50 /IC 95 values of the test compound were subsequently compared with that of standard, ascorbic acid. Among the compound tested in all three methods , test drug-1 (NS) has shown potency with an value of 0.8 µg/ml (IC 50),14.2 µg/ml (IC 50), and 4 µg/ml (IC 95); whereas test drug-2 (RS) have 6.2 µg/ml (IC 50),11 µg/ml (IC 50),and 9 µg/ml (IC 50); test drug-3 (PKG) have 2.2 µg/ml (IC 50), 6.3 µg/ml (IC 50), and 4.3 µg/ml (IC 50); test drug-4 (PKS) have 6.8 µg/ml (IC 50), 16.2 µg/ml (IC 50), and 11 µg/ml (IC 95) and all have shown almost comp...

Clinico-Basic Pharmacology

Clinico - Basic PHARMACOLOGY has been written in view of changing examination pattern from subjective type to MCQ type, esp.in Karachi. It has been compiled in a very comprehensive way with the aim of encompassing all details about Pharmacology & Therapeutics, & it will best serve as a review for students of MBBS, BDS, USMLE, MCPS, FCPS, M Phil, PhD, FRCS, MRCP, B Pharm, D Pharm, & MSc in the final weeks of examination, & also for doctors practicing privately or, in hospitals. Format of this book * Basic format for the description of each drug or groups of drugs remains the same, which consists of: 1. Classification ——— update & unmatchable. 2. Mechanism of action —— given in a concept - making, easy, arrow - form. 3. Pharmacological effects —— described under subheads of systems & organs. 4. Clinical uses. 5. Adverse effects —— also described under subheads of systems & organs. 6. Contraindications. 7. Dosage. * A brief description about system or disease has been given, that is affected by a group of drugs. * Proprietary names are given to get you familiar with market names of drugs. * Self - assessment questions are given at the end of every chapter one-best type of MCQs This book is useful for answering 1. MCQs * All topics have been discussed in a very comprehensive way, making sure that any MCQ asked in pharmacology will be answered correctly. * In addition, T/F types MCQs are given at the end of every chapter, & two additional chapters at the end of book 2. Short & long questions * Format of the book adopted is such that any short or long question in Pharmacology will be answered. * Also comparisons of important drugs are given in chapter 27, Comparative Pharmacology, which will ensure answering of comparative questions. 3. Viva * Each drug or group of drugs has been discussed in appropriate subheadings with numbering of matter, which will ensure better answering in Viva. * What one should memorize for viva exam. is also given in chapter 31, Get Thru Pharmacology Viva. * In addition, viva for practical exam. is given in chapter 28, Practical Pharmacology. Thanks Our thanks are due to the following persons for every sort of co-operation they have provided: Dr. Syeda Ghazala Arfa, Dr. Shumaila Bano, M. Ashar Khan, M. Shafiq, Dr. Naved Akthar, M. Aamir Pervez, Dr. Sarwar Hussain, Khurram & Brothers, Dr. Lubna, Dr. Nuzhat Shama, Dr. Azharuddin, Dr. Azhar Iqbal, Dr. Mumtaz, Dr. Kamal, Dr. Shahid, & Dr. Farah Yasmeen. Suggestions Any suggestion for the improvement of this book will be acknowledged with thanks. Dr. Muhammad Shamim 21st January, 2009

1) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

PharmacognJ-10-71_2.pdf

Introduction: The extracts of the Pistacia species are known for their anti-inflammatory activity, including fruits and oil of P. atlantica. However, the inflammatory effect of the methanolic extract of P. atlantica leaves has not been studied. This work aimed at assessing the antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of P. atlantica leaves extract in relation to phytochemical studies of flavonoids. Methods: The extract was obtained using sonication of leaves powder in 80 % methanol. The analysis of phenolic compounds was carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the reduction of carrageenaninduced hind paw edema in mice. Results: The TLC revealed 3 glycosylated flavonoids and gallic acid derivatives. The flavonoids identified corresponded to rutin, quercetrin and other heterosides of quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were comparable for the male and female trees. The antioxidant activity did not show a significative difference between the two sexes, except for that evaluated by the FRAP assay which was significantly greater for the male tree leaves extract. The leaves extract permitted significative reduction of the edema at h3 and 6 in a dose-dependent manner (100 and 250 mg/kg), while diclofenac used as control reduced the edema at h 1.5. This difference could be explained by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of diclofenac and P. atlantica leaves compounds. Conclusion: P. atlantica has a strong anti-inflammatory activity and constitutes a potential source for the development of new treatments.